离婚后的未成年子女的财产保护问题？
谢 斌
案例：
邱某与魏某与2003年结婚，与2004年5月生育一子邱宇峻。因夫妻矛盾，双方于2009年9月到当地法院协议离婚。离婚协议约定：1、邱某与魏某自愿离婚；2、婚生儿子邱宇峻跟随邱某生活，邱某与魏某各自承担儿子每月400元的抚养费用；3、夫妻共同财产：存款78000元，邱某与魏某各享有39000元，魏某享有的39000元作为儿子的抚养费用，一次性支付给儿子，由邱某代管。离婚后，因为邱某好赌，将儿子的抚养费39000都拿去赌博了，其无钱给儿子交学费。邱宇峻无奈之下找到魏某，要求其支付抚养费，魏某不同意付钱，称其已支付了抚养费。问，邱宇峻的抚养费用按协议已支付给邱某代管，应当属于邱宇峻的个人财产，为此其该如何保护这笔财产？
分析：
未成年人身心尚未发育成熟，是属于被保护的一类群体。我国立法保护未成年人的合法权益，包括人身和财产等内容。
对未成人合法权益保护的相关法律：
《未成年人保护法》第5条第1款规定，国家保障未成年人的人身、财产和其他合法权益不受侵犯；第45条第1款规定，人民法院审理继承案件，应当依法保护未成年人的继承权；第47条规定，侵害未成年人的合法权益，对造成财产损失或者其他损失的，应当依法赔偿或者承担其他民事责任。
《民法通则》第18条规定，监护人应当履行监护职责，保护被监护人人身、财产及其他合法权益，除为被监护人的利益外，不得处理被监护人的财产。监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人的合法权益的，应当承担责任；给被监护人造成财产损失的，应当赔偿损失。人民法院可以根据有关人员或单位的申请，撤销监护人的资格。
《婚姻法》、《继承法》等法律都对未成年的财产有相应的规定。
未成年人财产取得的途径：
现行法律没有对未成年人的财产取得作出规定。因为未成年人本身是无民事行为能力或限制民事行为能力人，一般是不能通过自己的生产经营获得收益的。《婚姻法》第十八条规定，有下列情形之一的，为夫妻一方的财产：（一）一方的婚前财产；（二）一方因身体受到伤害获得的医疗费、残疾人生活补助费等费用；（三）遗嘱或赠与合同中确定只归夫或妻一方的财产；（四）一方专用的生活用品；（五）其他应当归一方的财产。笔者认为，未成年人财产的取得可以参照《婚姻法》中关于夫妻个人财产的规定来确定。未成年人个人财产来源：主要有1、因自己的劳动创造、获奖奖金、发明专利或文学创作等知识产权收益；未成年人虽然不能随意的生产经营，但是依然能凭借其智力、体力获取创造性的收益。2、因继承、接受赠与等方式获得的财产。只要是赠与的财产，不违反法律规定的和社会公共利益的，都应是未成年人的财产，而不需要考虑赠与人是谁。3、未成年人个人使用的生活用品。4、作为家庭成员对家庭共有财产的共有部分财产权。5、未成年人因身体受到伤害获得的医疗费、残疾人生活补助费等费用。
未成年人财产的管理和处分：
未成年人基本属无民事行为能力或限制行为能力人，对其财产往往不能亲自进行管理、收益与处分。父母作为未成年人的法定监护人，其中一项监护职责就是，保护被监护人人身、财产及其他合法权益，除为被监护人的利益外，不得处理被监护人的财产。
从法律角度看，未成年人财产完全属于自己所有，作为监护人的父母对未成年子女财产仅有进行管理和保护的义务，而不能擅自利用未成年人的财产进行生活性活动。当然父母可以利用未成年财产的收益用于未成年子女教育费用，或在家庭生活困难时弥补家用。注意这里仅仅指未成年人财产的收益。而父母擅自处分未成年人财产，造成财产损失的，侵犯了未成年人财产的完整性，依据民法理论，父母应当承担赔偿责任，但是这在实际生活中缺乏可操作性。
荔浦县人民法院 谢 斌
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
第一条 为促进对外经济技术合作，顺利开展对外金融活动，加强对外汇担保的管理，根据《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》的规定，特制订本办法。
第二条 本办法所称外汇担保系指以自有外汇资金向境外债权人或境内的外资银行、中外合资银行或外资、中外合资非银行金融机构承诺，当债务人未按合同规定偿付外汇债务时，由担保人用外国货币履行偿付义务的保证，包括：
一、借款担保；
二、融资租赁担保；
三、补偿贸易项下的履约担保；
四、境外工程承包中的债务担保；
五、其它担保。
第三条 国家外汇管理局和外汇管理分局（以下简称“外汇管理部门”）为外汇担保的管理机关，负责外汇担保的审批、管理和登记。
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第四条 允许提供外汇担保的机构和单位限于：
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第五条 金融机构提供的外汇担保余额和对外债务余额之和不得超过自有外汇资金的20倍。
非金融机构提供的外汇担保余额不得超过其自有的外汇资金。
担保人不得为外商投资企业中的外方注册资本担保。
第六条 外汇担保的审批权限：
一、为境内机构对外提供外汇担保，由担保人所在地外汇管理部门审批；
二、为中国驻外企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批；
三、为境内、外的外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批。
第七条 外汇担保的审批范围：
一、境内中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行及交通银行、中信实业银行对外提供的借款担保；
二、除上款所列银行以外的其他金融机构和非金融性质的企业法人对外提供的外汇担保。
第八条 担保人办理担保报批手续时，应向外汇管理部门提供全部或部分下列资料：
一、担保项目可行性研究报告批准件和有关批复文件；
二、担保人自有外汇资金情况的证明；
三、担保人对外债务、担保的文件；
四、担保合同意向书；
五、被担保项下主债务合同或意向书及有关文件；
六、落实反担保措施的文件；
七、为外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，需有外国机构和外资企业的等值外汇资产作抵押的证明。
第九条 担保人提供外汇担保，应与债权人、债务人订立书面合同，订明担保人、债权人、债务人各方面的权利和义务。
一、担保人有权对债务人的资金和财产情况进行监督；
二、债权人有权要求担保人提供其财务报告和外汇收支情况等有关材料；
三、担保人提供担保后，债权人与债务人如需修改所担保的合同，还须取得担保人的同意，并由担保人报外汇管理部门进行审批，如未经担保人同意和外汇管理部门的批准，担保人的担保义务将自行解除；
四、担保人提供担保后，在其所担保的合同有效期内，一旦债务人未按合同规定履行其义务，担保人应履行担保义务。担保人履行担保义务后，有权向债务人进行追偿；
五、担保人提供担保后，在担保合同的有效期内，如债权人未按合同履行其义务，担保人的担保义务将自行解除。担保人有权要求债权人赔偿相应的损失；
六、担保人有权要求债务人落实反担保措施或提供相应的抵押物并收取一定的担保费。
第十条 担保人出具担保后，应到所在地外汇管理部门办理担保登记手续。
一、非金融机构出具担保后，应在10天内到所在地外汇管理部门填写《外汇担保登记表》，领取《外汇担保登记证书》；
二、金融机构实行按月定期登记制，月后15天内填写《外汇担保变动反馈表》，上报上月担保债务变动情况。
第十一条 担保需要展期时，担保人应在债务到期前15天到所在地外汇管理部门申请办理展期手续。办理展期手续时，应持展期债务的有关文件进行重新报批。
第十二条 担保项下债务到期或履行完毕以及出现其它终止担保合同情况时，非金融机构的担保人应在10天内将《外汇担保登记证书》退回原发证的外汇管理部门办理核销手续。金融机构按月办理核销手续。
第十三条 对于违反本办法的担保人，外汇管理部门将视情节轻重，对其进行警告、通报、暂停或撤销担保人外汇担保业务并根据《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》的有关规定予以处罚。
第十四条 本办法也适用对外反担保。
第十五条 本办法由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十六条 本办法自公布之日起实施。1987年的《境内机构提供外汇担保的暂行管理办法》同时废止。
(Approved by the People's Bank of China on August 1, 1991 Promul-gated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on September 26,1991)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Measures are hereby formulated with a view to promoting foreign
economic and technical cooperation, developing foreign financial
activities smoothly and strengthening the control of foreign exchange
guarantees, in accordance with the Provisional Regulations for the Foreign
Exchange Control of the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
The term "foreign exchange guarantee" mentioned in these Measures
refers to an undertaking which a guarantor, against its own foreign
exchange funds, promises to guarantee the repayment in foreign exchange
currency to a foreign creditor, a wholly foreign-owned bank, a
Chinese-foreign equity bank or a non-banking financial institution which
is wholly foreign-owned or uses Chinese and foreign investment within
China, in the event of the failure of the debtor to pay its foreign
exchange debt under the contract, including:
(1) loan guarantee;
(2) financial leasing guarantee;
(3) performance guarantee under the compensation trade;
(4) debt guarantee in external contracting projects;
(5) guarantee in other forms.
Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
(hereinafter referred to as the exchange control departments) are the
administrative organs in charge of foreign exchange guarantee, which are
responsible for the examination and approval, administration and
registration of the foreign exchange guarantee.
Article 4
Institutions and units which are permitted to provide a foreign
exchange guarantee are limited to:
(1) financial institutions which have the authority to conduct
foreign exchange guarantee business upon approval;
(2) non-financial enterprises with the status of a legal person which
have foreign exchange income.
No governmental departments and institutions shall provide foreign
exchange guarantee.
Article 5
The total amount of the balance of foreign exchange guarantee issued
by a financial institution together with the balance of its external
liabilities shall not exceed 20 times of its own foreign exchange funds.
The remaining sum of foreign exchange guarantee issued by a
non-financial institution shall not exceed the amount of its own foreign
exchange funds.
Guarantor shall not provide a guarantee to cover the registered
capital of the foreign party to an enterprise with foreign investment.
Article 6
The authority of examination and approval of the foreign exchange
guarantee:
(1) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided externally to an
institution within China, it shall be examined and approved by the
exchange control department in the guarantor's locality;
(2) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a Chinese
enterprise resident in foreign country, it shall be examined and approved
by the State Administration of Exchange Control;
(3) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a foreign
institution and an enterprise with foreign investment at home and abroad,
it shall be examined and approved by the State Administration of Exchange
Control.
Article 7
The scope of examination and approval for foreign exchange guarantee
provided externally:
(1) the loan guarantees provided externally by the Industry and
Commerce Bank of China, the Agriculture Bank of China, the Bank of China,
the Investment Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, the Industry
Bank of China Trust and Investment Corporation within the Chinese
territory;
(2) the foreign exchange guarantees provided externally by other
financial institutions and non- financial enterprises with legal person
status except the banks listed above.
Article 8
When a guarantor goes through the guarantee procedures of submission
and approval, it shall submit to the exchange control department all or
part of the following documents and materials:
(1) the approval documents for the feasibility study report of the
project to be guaranteed and relative written documents;
(2) the certificate of the guarantor's own foreign exchange funds;
(3) documents of guarantor's external liabilities and guarantee;
(4) the letter of intent of the guarantee contract;
(5) the principal debt contract or letter of intent under the
guaranteed proje ct and relative documents;
(6) documents concerning the implementation of counter guarantee
measures;
(7) the mortgage certificate which shows that the guarantee amount
will be sec ured by foreign exchange assets at equivalent value of foreign
institutions and enterprises with foreign investment, when a foreign
exchange guarantee is provided to them.
Article 9
A guarantor who provides foreign exchange guarantee shall conclude
written contract with the creditor and debtor, which specifies the rights
and obligations in all respects of the guarantor, creditor and debtor.
(1) the guarantor has the right to supervise the funds and assets of
the debtor;
(2) the creditor has the right to require the guarantor to provide
the related materials such as its financial statement, information
concerning the exchange
ncome and expenditure, etc.;
(3) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, any amendment to
the guarantee contract by the creditor and debtor shall be subject to the
guarantor's permission, and the guarantor shall report it to the exchange
control department for examination and approval. Otherwise, the
guarantor's obligations of guarantee shall be relieved automatically;
(4) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, in case the
debtor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with the provisions
of the contract during the term of the guarantee contract, the guarantor
shall fulfill its guarantee obligations. After its fulfillment, the
guarantor has the right to require the debtor for reimbursement;
(5) if the creditor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance
with the provisions of the contract during the term of the guarantee
contract after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, the guarantor
will be automatically relieved of its obligations, the guarantor has the
right to require the creditor for reimbursement of the corresponding loss;
(6) the guarantor has the right to require the debtor to implement
the counter guarantee measures or furnish corresponding mortgage, and
charge a fixed amount of guarantee fee.
Article 10
After a guarantee is provided, the guarantor shall go through the
registration formalities with the local department of exchange control
where the guarantor is located.
(1) after a guarantee is provided by a non-financial institution, the
institution shall, within 10 days, fill in the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Form", and obtain the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Certificate";
(2) the financial institutions follow a regular month registration
system, and shall, within 15 days after the last month, fill in the "Form
of Information on Foreign Exchange Guarantee" so as to report the changing
condition of guarantee liabilities in the last month.
Article 11
In the event that an extension of the guarantee term is required, the
guarantor shall apply for the extension to the local exchange control
department 15 days prior to the expiration of the debt. When going through
the extension formalities, the guarantor shall submit the relative
documents concerning the extension to the exchange control department for
a new approval.
Article 12
When a debt under the guarantee becomes due or is repaid, or the
guarantee contract terminates under other conditions, for a non-financial
institution as a guarantor, it shall, within 10 days, return the "Foreign
Exchange Guarantee Registration Certificate" to the original exchange
control department which issued the certificate for verification and
cancellation, and for a financial institution as a guarantor, it shall go
through the formalities of verification and cancellation monthly.
Article 13
If the guarantor violates these Measures, the exchange control
department will, according to the seriousness of the case, impose a
warning, notice of criticism, suspension or cancellation of the
guarantor's foreign exchange guarantee business, and give penalty in
accordance with the provisions of the Implementing Rules of Penalties for
the Violation of Foreign Exchange Control.
Article 14
These Measures shall also apply to the external counter-guarantees.
Article 15
The authority to interpret these Measures resides in the State
Administration of Exchange Control.
Article 16
These Measures will enter into force from the date of promulgation.
The Provisional Measures for the Control of the Issuing Foreign Exchange
Guarantee by Organizations within Chinese Territory promulgated in 1987
shall be abrogated on the same date.
1991年9月9日
