[内容摘要]:随着我国市场经济的发展,房地产抵押权作为债权担保的形式已为越来越多的债权人所运用。我国现行立法对房地产抵押权制度已有较为完整的规定,但其规定却较为分散,且其中又有许多不科学乃至不合理之处,有待进一步改进与完善。本文试图以房地产抵押权的物权性和价值权性两大基本性质为基点,对我国房地产抵押权的设定、效力、实现和消灭制度进行理论上的整合,并对其中不科学或不合理之处提出改进与完善的意见。
[关键词]:担保物权;抵押权;房地产
房地产抵押是伴随着我国土地使用权制度改革和房地产业的发展,而产生的一种房地产利用方式,也是融资风险的一种防范措施。房地产价值巨大,由其作为债权担保之标的物,对于债权的实现甚为有利。随着我国各项经济建设的发展,尤其是房地产业的发展,近年来,房地产抵押已为越来越多的债权人(主要是银行等金融机构)所运用作为债权担保的形式。债权人基于房地产抵押而享有的权利称为房地产抵押权。本文试从房地产抵押权的性质、设定、效力、实现、消灭五个方面对我国的房地产抵押权制度加以探讨。
一、房地产抵押权的性质
所谓房地产抵押权是指债务人或者第三人不转移对房地产的占有作为债权的担保,在债务人不履行债务时,债权人依法享有的拍卖该房地产并优先受偿的权利。房地产抵押权具有物权性和价值权性两大基本性质。
(一)房地产抵押权的物权性
关于抵押权的性质,在学理上有不同的观点,有主张抵押权为物权者,有主张抵押权为债权者,有主张抵押权为物上债务者。 从立法上来看,对于抵押权制度的立法,主要有三种立法例:第一,将抵押权放在民法典的物权法中,视抵押权为限制物权中担保物权的一种。德国、日本及我国台湾为例;第二,将抵押权制度规定于民法典的债权法部分。法国、前苏联为例。我国民法通则也将抵押权规定于第五章民事权利的债权一节;第三,制定专门的法律对抵押权进行规定。如我国《担保法》。按物权的构造对抵押权制度进行设计,即抵押权之物权化已成为各国立法之趋势。
笔者认为,房地产抵押权为担保物权,其在性质上为物权。房地产抵押权具有物权特有之支配性、对世性、追及性及优先受偿性,从而使其在权利内容上、权利实现方式上、权利范围上、权利保护方法上区别于债权。
(二)房地产抵押权的价值权性
房地产抵押权乃对于所抵押之房地产拍卖价金的优先受偿权,其在本质上为价值权。价值权性不仅是包括房地产抵押权在内的抵押权的本质特性,也是所有物的担保的共同属性。
房地产抵押权的价值权性,是指房地产抵押权是对所抵押房地产的价值支配权,其所支配的对象不是房地产实体,而是其价值。
房地产抵押权的价值权性使其区别于土地使用权等用益物权。用益物权是权利人对标的物使用价值的支配权,其给予权利人的利益表现在对于标的物实体的支配,通过这种支配而获得标的物的效用。房地产抵押权则是对标的物价值的支配权,权利人得通过对抵押物价值的把握而实现担保债权的目的。
担保物权经历了由只重视担保功能向同时注重发挥物的效用发展的过程。例如从占有质至出现非占有质及动产抵押的产生,即是这一趋向的表现。
房地产抵押权既不需要所有权的转移,也不需要对抵押物实体的支配,而是在于对抵押物价值的把握,能够同时满足现代经济社会对债权担保和担保物经济效用发挥的双重需要。因此可以说,相对于质权和留置权,房地产抵押权是一种纯粹的价值权。
二、房地产抵押权的设定
房地产抵押权为担保物权,根据物权法定主义及物权公示、公信主义,除因法律规定而直接产生的房地产抵押权外,房地产抵押权因房地产抵押合同并经登记后而设定。由于我国现行立法没有规定法定房地产抵押权,所以在我国,房地产抵押权的设定条件有二:房地产抵押合同和房地产抵押权登记。
(一)房地产抵押合同
房地产抵押合同是指债务人或者第三人不移转对房地产的占有,将房地产作为债权担保而与债权人达成有明确相互权利义务关系的协议,依据此协议在债务人或第三人提供抵押的房地产上为债权人设定了抵押权,债务人或者第三人对债权人之债权承受房地产物上的担保义务。当债务人不履行债务时,债权人有权依法以拍卖该房地产的价款优先受偿。
房地产抵押合同为要式合同,抵押人和抵押权人订立房地产抵押合同,应当采用书面形式并记载法律规定的内容,主要包括:⑴债权人、债务人、抵押人的姓名(名称)、住址;⑵被担保主债权种类、数额;⑶债务人履行债务的期限;⑷房地产的名称、数量、质量、状况、所在地、所有权权属或者使用权权属;⑸抵押担保的范围;⑹当事人认为需要约定的其它事项。房地产抵押合同所记载的内容不符合法律规定要求的,当事人应当予以补正。
(二)房地产抵押权登记
房地产抵押权登记是指由主管机关依法在登记簿上就房地产上的抵押权状态予以记载。房地产抵押权经登记后依法成立并取得物权公示、公信效力。我国立法将登记作为抵押合同的生效要件,混淆了房地产抵押合同的债权合同性质以及房地产抵押权登记的物权变动性质。房地产抵押合同是债权合同,依法成立时就应生效。而房地产抵押权登记是物权行为,是房地产抵押权成立的要件。
房地产抵押权登记由抵押当事人向法律规定的房地产抵押登记机关申请,填写并递交房地产抵押登记表,同时提交法律规定的应当提交的登记文件,主要包括主合同和房地产抵押合同以及抵押的土地使用权证书、房屋所有权证书。房地产抵押登记机关收到当事人的申请后即由负责监督职责的抵押登记部门对当事人提交的抵押登记文件的真实性、合法性予以审查,审查合格者,予以核准登记并公告。
三、房地产抵押权的效力
房地产抵押权一经设定,即产生相应的法律效力,不仅在当事人之间设定了相应的权利义务,且对抵押物及与其有关的其他财产权也有影响。根据房地产抵押权效力的对象,可将其划分为对内效力和对外效力。
(一)房地产抵押权的对内效力
关于外商投资企业在境外开立帐户的管理规定(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
关于外商投资企业在境外开立帐户的管理规定(附英文)
1989年1月7日,国家外汇管理局
根据《对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业外汇管理施行细则》的有关规定,为加强对外商投资企业在境外开立外汇帐户的管理,特作如下规定:
一、外商投资企业(以下简称企业)确因业务经营需要,要求在境外银行开立帐户者,应向国家外汇管理局或企业所在地分、支局(以下简称外汇管理部门)提出申请,经外汇管理部门批准后方可开立。
二、前条所指“业务经营需要”,是指符合下列情况之一者:
1.企业在境外有经常性零星收入,需在境外开立帐户,将收入集整后汇回境内的;
2.企业在境外有经常性零星支出的。该类帐户的收入应由企业自国内汇出;
3.由于业务上的特殊需要必须在境外开户的。
三、企业在向外汇管理部门申请境外开户时,应提交下列文件:
1.由企业法人代表或董事会授权人签署并加盖企业公章的开立帐户申请书,申请书应包括开户理由、币别、金额、用途、收支范围、使用期限、拟开户银行及所在地等内容;
2.由在中国注册的会计师出具的企业按规定缴足资本的验资证明;
3.企业在境外设有代表机构和常驻人员的,须另附有关部门批准设立的文件;
4.企业对境外帐户使用的管理办法。
四、企业在境外开户,应在其外汇收支主要发生的国家或地区开立。该地区有中资银行的,应首先选择中资银行;如属特殊需要,也可选择资信较好的外资银行。
五、企业对境外资金的收付,应有完善的、有效的管理;对资金的安全,应提出切实有效的管理措施。
六、企业必须以自己的名义在境外开立帐户。不允许将企业的资金转存到其他机构或个人的帐户。
七、外汇管理部门根据企业的申请,应审定企业境外帐户的收支范围、帐户最高存款限额和使用期限等。
八、企业在境外开户应在外汇管理部门批准之后的一个月内,向外汇管理部门提交已开户的书面证明。凡未提供书面证明者,外汇管理部门批准开户的文件自动失效。
九、企业境外帐户使用期限到期后三十天内,必须向外汇管理部门提供注销境外帐户证明,将余额调回国内,并提供开户行清帐单;如需延期使用境外帐户,必须在到期前三十天内,向国家外汇管理部门提出书面申请。
十、各分局在批准企业开立境外帐户后三十天内,应将有关材料报送总局备案。
十一、企业应在每季度终了后十五天内向外汇管理部门提供开户银行对帐单影印件,并作资金使用情况书面说明。
十二、企业有下列行为之一的,外汇管理部门可区别不同情况,根据《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》,对企业进行处罚,并可撤销其境外帐户。
1.企业使用帐户超过了外汇管理部门批准的范围;
2.未能按时提供银行对帐单或外汇管理部门要求提供的其他材料;
3.未经批准擅自在境外开立帐户;
4.其他违反本规定的行为。
十三、本规定解释权属国家外汇管理局。
十四、本规定自一九八九年三月一日起实行。
PROVISIONS ON THE CONTROL OF BANK ACCOUNTS OPENED ABROAD BY ENTER-PRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT
(Promulgated on March 1, 1989)
Whole Doc.
Pursuant to the relevant stipulations of the "Rules for the
Implementation of Foreign Exchange Control Regulations Relating to
Enterprises with Overseas Chinese Capital, Wholly Foreign-Owned
Enterprises and Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures", the following Provisions
are enacted to tighten control over the foreign exchange accounts opened
abroad by enterprises with foreign investment.
Article 1
A foreign-funded enterprise (hereinafter referred to as enterprise)
that wishes to open bank accounts abroad out of actual business and
operational needs shall apply for approval to the State Administration of
Exchange Control (SAEC) or one of its branches or sub-branch offices
(hereinafter referred to as exchange control authorities) where the
enterprise is located; it may open such accounts only after the
application has been granted.
Article 2
As used in Article 1, "actual business and operational needs" refer
to one of the following cases:
(1) If an enterprise has regular receipts in small amounts abroad and
needs to open bank accounts thereto put these receipts together before
repatriating them to China;
(2) If an enterprise has regular disbursements in small amounts
abroad the receipts entered in such kind of accounts shall consist of
remittances from China by the enterprise; or
(3) If an enterprise has to open bank accounts abroad out of special
business requirements.
Article 3
In applying to the exchange control authorities for approval to open
bank accounts abroad, an enterprise shall submit the following documents:
(1) An application affixed by the enterprise's official seal and
signed by the legal representative of the enterprise or a person
authorized by its board of directors, stating the reason for opening bank
accounts abroad, the specific currency involved, the sum of money, the
usage, the scope of receipts and disbursements, the using period, the bank
with which the accounts are to be opened, and the place where the bank is
located;
(2) A certificate issued by a public accountant registered in China
confirming that the enterprise's capital has been fully paid up according
to the relevant provisions;
(3) The document of approval issued by the competent authorities if
the enterprise has set up a representative office with resident personnel
abroad; and
(4) The measures adopted by the enterprise to manage its bank
accounts abroad.
Article 4
The enterprise shall open it accounts abroad with a bank in the
country or region where its foreign exchange receipts and payments mainly
occur. Priority shall be given to Chinese-owned banks, if there is any
there; a foreign bank with good credit standing may also be chosen if
there is a special need for this.
Article 5
The enterprise shall maintain complete and effective control over its
receipts and payments abroad and shall adopt effective managerial measures
to guarantee the safety of its funds.
Article 6
The enterprise must use its own name in opening bank accounts abroad
and is not allowed to transfer its funds to the accounts of other
organizations or individuals.
Article 7
The exchange control authorities shall examine and determine the
scope of receipts and disbursements to be covered by the enterprise's bank
accounts abroad as well as the deposit ceilings and the using period of
these accounts on the basis of the enterprise's application.
Article 8
The enterprise that opens bank accounts abroad with the approval of
the exchange control authorities shall submit to the said authorities,
within 1 month after the approval is given, a written certification
certifying that the accounts have been opened; otherwise, the document of
approval from the said authorities will become invalid automatically.
Article 9
Within 30 days after the expiry of the using period of its bank
accounts abroad, the enterprise must submit to the exchange control
authorities a certificate confirming that these accounts have been
cancelled, and must repatriate the balance to China, together with a
statement of account from the opening bank; in case the enterprise needs
to extend the using period of its accounts abroad, it must apply in
writing to the exchange control authorities within 30 days before the
expiry of the using period.
Article 10
The SAEC branch office that has approved an enterprise's application
to open bank accounts abroad shall submit the relevant data to the SAEC
for the record within 30 days of the approval.
Article 11
The enterprise shall submit photocopies of the opening bank's
statements, together with a statement of fund and its application, to the
exchange control authorities within 15 days after the end of each quarter.
Article 12
In accordance with the "Rules for the Implementation of Penalty of
Offenses Against Exchange Control" and on the merit of each case, the
exchange control authorities may impose penalties on an enterprise and/or
revoke its bank accounts abroad in one of the following cases:
(1) If the enterprise has exceeded the scope approved by the exchange
control authorities in using its bank accounts abroad;
(2) If the enterprise has failed to submit on time the bank
statements or other materials required by the exchange control
authorities;
(3) If the enterprise has opened bank account abroad without
authorization; or
(4) Other acts in violation of these Provisions.
Article 13
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the SAEC.
Article 14
These Provisions shall go into effect on March 1, 1989.