随着社会不断进步，人民群众对司法服务需要日益增长。面临这种形势，人民法院法官队伍政治素质上不适应、业务素质上不适应、人员结构上不适应的问题已经严重影响了人民法院司法能力。因此，解决好法官队伍上述不适应问题已成为人民法院当务之急。法院是国家的审判机关，担负着国家审判重任，审判工作开展得好坏，直接取决于法院队伍素质。建设高素质的政法队伍，是做好政法工作的组织保证。”队伍建设是法院工作的根基和灵魂，如何抓好新时期法院的队伍建设，是人民法院当前必须解决的重大课题。人民法院的队伍建设工作，不仅是一项基础性的工作，而且是一项庞大、复杂、长期的社会系统工程，是一项带有根本性、全局性的基础工作。当前，我国已进入了全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会现代化建设的关键时期。依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家的治国方略，给人民法院工作提出了更高的要求。
一、抓好法院队伍建设的前提。
常言说，“知己知彼，百战不殆”近几年来，各级党委加强了对法院工作的领导，法院队伍建设取得了明显成效。但与此同时，还存在一些不容忽视甚而比较严重的问题。只有深入了解这些问题，才可能有针对性地解决这些问题，才能推动法院实现新的跨越。我个人认为，目前制约法院队伍建设的瓶颈表现在：
1、法院队伍建设的整体素质与人民法院担负的使命还不相称。当前法院队伍建设的主流是好的，但从整体上看，与人民群众的期待仍有不小差距。少数法官责任意识不强，致使错案时有发生；一些法官自律意识松弛，导致外在形象受损；有的法官执法意识薄弱，造成严重不良后果；个别法官态度不够热情，引起人民群众的不满。这些问题的存在，严重影响了人民法院和法官的声誉，直接损害了人民法院和法官在人民群众中的形象。
2、法院人事制度改革与科学的队伍管理机制要求不完全适应。法院人事制度改革的进程还较慢，难以适应新时期、新形势、新任务对法院的要求。如在法官职业化建设方面，法官员额制度、法官助理制度推行的还较为缓慢；法院工作人员分类管理还未完全推开；法官的职务、职级的行政化色彩仍较为浓厚。尤其是法官的职级待遇长期得不到应当解决，严重地挫伤了干警工作的积极性、主动性。
3、法官职业的特殊化要求与法官的现实表现存在一定差距。法官肩扛天平，判断是非曲直，是公平和正义的化身。社会公众要求法官要做到最公正、最廉洁、最讲理。由于历史的、现实的、主观的、客观方面的原因，法官在审判作风、业务水平等方面的现实表现，与公众心目中理想化的法官形象描述和定位之间存在一定差距。当这种差距在审判活动中以一定形式表现出来后，法官的公信力便会在公众中大打折扣。究其原因，一是少数法官政治业务素质不高，有办“人情案”、“关系案”、“金钱案”之现象，严重损害了法院和法官队伍公正无私、秉公执法的良好形象。二是审判作风有待改进。个别工作人员司法为民的宗旨观念不牢，司法为民意识不强，作风不扎实，对当事人有生、冷、硬、横、推和刁难等现象，审判效率不高，有拖延办案的现象。
4、法官的教育培训工作力度还不大，尚未真正落到实处。随着社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善和法制的逐步健全，法律调整的范围越来越广，法院调处的矛盾亦越来越多，加之新的法律法规和司法解释不断出台，法院受理的“疑、难、新、特”案件层出不穷，对法官的知识结构及思维方式的变化提出的要求也越来越高。因此，加强对法官的教育培训工作显得尤为重要。但从目前情况看，法官教育培训工作还存在一定问题。一是基层法院培训机构和基地不健全，培训形式比较单调，缺乏针对性和系统性。二是教育培训工作没有形成制度化、系统化和规范化，特别是基层法院，许多法官多年也难得到专业院校参加培训一次，广大法官的专业知识水平和审判工作技能难以提高，从而影响了审判质量和效率。三是培训经费严重不足。由于经费短缺，许多基层法院没有足够的资金用于法官培训工作，致使无法选送法官外出深造。四是由于审判任务和审判力量剪刀叉的矛盾日益加大，随着自然减员的不断增加，审判人员严重不足，法官参加培训学习的时间难以得到保证。
综上，如何解决这些存在的问题，归根到底要靠加强法院队伍建设，提高队伍的整体素质。
二、队伍现状和问题
虽然近年来，基层法院队伍建设取得了一定的成绩，但是，由于体制、机制等历史原因，在当今市场经济条件的影响下，基层法官队伍建设又有着与经济文化发展、人民群众要求不相适应的方面。纵观基层法官队伍现状，主要存在以下几个方面的问题： 1、队伍的整体素质与人民法院担负的使命还不相称。 一是队伍整体素质参差不齐。有的政治素质高，但业务能力不强，办不成案；有的业务能力强，但政治素质不高，办不好案；极个别干警政治、业务素质都不行，不能办案，缺乏多面手。二是少数法官大局意识不强，创新工作方式能力不足。存在就案办案，孤立办案现象，不能很好地做到法律效果与社会效果的有机统一。有些案件因盲目适用法律下判，造成当事人上访或上诉，埋下不安定隐患。有的满足于原有的工作思维模式，停留在凭经验办案或机械按法律规定办案。在处理其他事务中，方式单一，思路不灵活，协调能力差。三是个别干警廉政标准不高，廉洁意识不强。仅仅满足于领导不批评、媒体不曝光、群众不告状、个人不出事，“关系案”，“人情案”问题还时不时在个别干警身上体现出来。
2、法官待遇普遍较低。 法官职业素质要求高，任职条件要求严，但工资福利及职务保障却实行与公务员统一的标准，高要求与低保障形成的矛盾十分突出，造成司法人才流失现象较为严重。在基层，法官所享受的工资待遇不要说与其它高薪行业了，就与公安干警的待遇相比，人均工资相差数百元，同是政法机关，同一级别的法官与警察工资却不尽相同。与此同时，基层法官的职级待遇落实难，基层法院有相当一部分从事审判工作达二十多年的老审判员仍然是科员级，庭长、副庭长落实副科的也很少，年轻法官要想落实职级待遇就更难了，而这批人是法院的中坚，是法院的未来，他们承担的工作压力大，面临的工作环境较差，若政治经济待遇长期落实不了，必将严重影响工作积极性和基层法官队伍的长远稳定。 3、队伍流动机制僵化。 新施行的《法官法》对法律本科学历的硬性规定和通过全国统一司法考试规范化程度及报考条件的提高，再加上国家政法专项编制的严肃性和相对固定性，这在促进法院部门提高队伍素质与工作能力的同时，也给现行的司法体制带来的一定的影响，直接导致了引进人才门槛高，基层法院补充新鲜血液难，人才更新进程慢。虽然近几年形成统一了公务员的招考制度，但由于有的基层法院处于经济不发达地区，干警待遇较差，法院竞争力较小，人才选择面较窄，无法吸引优秀的人才，有的偏远地区招考时人数甚至达不到开考比例。 4、办案质量有待提高。主要表现在：一是就案办案，机械办案，只顾及法律效果，忽视了社会效果。部分干警仅满足于已有的知识水平和办案能力，特别是有的办案人员不认真判断案件事实，不认真研究法律规定，主观臆断，往往出现适用法律错误或与法律规定相悖的处理结果；有的同一类型、同一性质的案件其判决结果各异；重实体、轻程序的现象没有得到根本扭转，有的案件开庭走过场，开庭准备工作不充分，审判人员对案情掌握不细不严肃，不按规定举证、质证和认证。二是少数干警服务意识差，特权思想较重。工作方法简单粗暴、有法不依、执法不严、办人情案、关系案、金钱案，对说情风抵制不力；执法不公、不廉，违反程序执法办案，影响案件审理的公信力，损害了法院公正的良好形象，同时也影响了经济发展环境。 三、加强队伍建设策略
着力提高干警的综合素质，是抓好法院队伍建设的基础。
加强队伍建设重在提高队伍素质，提高队伍素质的关键在于加强教育培训。全面实施素质工程，建设高素质职业化的法院队伍，是新形势下进一步加强法院队伍建设的必由之路。加强新形势下人民法院队伍建设，必须按照“素质全面、作风优良”的要求，坚持“以人为本、强化教育”，通过各种有效措施或途径，系统教育熏陶法院干警，不断丰富提高干警的思想、作风、纪律和业务素质，从而全面提高队伍的整体素质。
1、强化思想政治建设，努力提高队伍的政治素质。思想政治建设是关系到“举什么旗，走什么路，为谁掌权，为谁服务”的根本性问题，作为人民法院要始终把思想政治建设放在首位，坚持“政治建院、政治立警”，必须大力改进和切实加强思想政治教育，做到“三个坚持”：一是坚持用邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、中国特色社会主义科学理论体系来武装干警头脑，因为这一科学理论“是我国经济发展的重要指导方针，是发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想”；二是坚持搞好社会主义法治理念教育、深入学习实践科学发展观、要以“大学习、大讨论”等活动为载体，深刻把握高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜这个主题，并作为正确道路来坚持，作为科学理论来运用，作为共同理想来追求。不断加强法官的党性修养，增强政治敏锐性和辨别力，坚定理想信念，打牢政治基础，巩固思想防线，使干警始终保持高度的政治意识、大局意识，始终坚持“党的事业至上，人民利益至上，宪法法律至上”。确保法院工作的正确方向，确保法官队伍始终保持忠于党、忠于国家、忠于人民、忠于法律的政治本质。使每一位政法干警坚信，只有在党的领导下，我国法治建设才有更加光明的前景；三是坚持用“全心全意地为人民服务”的宗旨，教育干警自觉接受党委、人大和广大人民群众的监督，争做人民满意的好法官，争创人民满意的好法院。四是要做科学发展观的忠实践行者，要树立法律思维、政治思维、经济思维“多维融合”的审判理念，善于从国家、社会、人民、法律多维视角观察、分析和处理问题，将司法的原则性与群众工作方法的灵活性结合起来，选择最能体现法、理、情相统一的结案方式，确保审执工作始终服从服务于大局。通过思想政治教育，使广大干警产生向心力、凝聚力，增强政治鉴别力和政治敏锐性，保证党的各项政策和法律能够迅速、有效、正确地得以贯彻和实施。
2、强化职业道德、作风和纪律建设，培养道德高尚、作风过硬、纪律严明的法院队伍。一是教育干警树立与建设社会主义法治国家、构建社会主义和谐社会相适应的职业道德。面对新形势、新任务，加强法院干警的职业道德教育具有一定的重要性和现实紧迫性，要严格按照《法官法》和《法官职业道德》的基本要求，通过职业道德教育，增强干警的职业责任感和历史使命感，提高干警对职业道德的认识，培养高尚的职业道德情感，养成良好的职业道德习惯，大力倡导忠于职守、严格执法、文明办案、清正廉明、刚正不阿的职业道德。二是教育干警坚决做到“八个坚持、八个反对”、“五个严禁”练就过硬的工作作风。人民法院作为国家的司法机关，要以加强和改进审判作风为切入点，全面推进作风建设。首先要树立司法为民的理念。坚持人民的利益高于一切，按照“群众利益无小事”司法观念，尽力做到民有所呼，必有所应，民有所求，必有所为，民有所忧，必有所谋，不断拓展司法为民的内涵与外延、努力在体察民心、维护民权上下功夫，积极探索为民、惠民的各项措施，使群众感到矛盾有人管、冤情有人诉、说理有人听。从而更好地全心全意为人民服务。要克服官僚主义作风，增强司法的亲和力，要统筹兼顾办案的法律效果和社会效果。要落实公开制度，以公开促公正，要文明有礼，雷厉风行，维护形象公正。三是教育干警遵守职业纪律，提高队伍整体纯洁性，防止司法腐败。加大监督检查和问责力度，真正把考核评价机制运用到廉政建设中，要千方百计加强法官执法规范化建设，约束法官不当行为。要坚持防患于未然、惩治于已然。要抓源头，培养法官无贪无求、无私无畏的精神境界和不偏不倚、不枉不纵的正派气质，在金钱、权色、关系、人情面前能够坚持立场不妥协，坚守原则不退缩，坚定信念不动摇。切实做到“堂堂正正审案、干干净净做人”。只有加强纪律教育，才能使干警养成“正人必先正己”的行为习惯，树立“廉洁从政、公正司法”的观念。只有纪律严明，才能使队伍在思想上、行动上保持一致，才能使队伍保持战斗力和凝聚力。
3、强化司法能力建设，努力提高队伍的业务素质。司法能力是党的执政能力在司法领域的重要体现，是法官完成各项任务的重要保证。司法能力是一种综合能力，突出表现为认识和把握大局的能力，认识和把握社会矛盾的能力，认识和把握社情民意的能力、认识和把握法律精神的能力。广博的知识、精通的法学理论，娴熟的工作技能、丰富的处理社会矛盾经验是对法院干警的一贯要求。干警的业务素质高低，直接决定着整个法院队伍司法水平的高低。只有加强干警的业务素质建设，才能培养造就一支法律精通、业务娴熟、技术过硬的职业化法官队伍。为此，必须从以下五个方面着手：一要健全学习制度，教育干警树立“终身学习”观念，在学习中开阔眼界，增长见识，提高本领，把学习作为提升专业素质和司法能力的重要方法和途径。二要大力开展业务培训、岗位练兵，提高干警的司法水平和实际工作能力。对业务部门和综合部门人员，采取任职培训、晋升培训、岗位培训和专业技能培训等多种形式有计划分期分批培训。广泛开展岗位练兵和技能竞赛，培养一批岗位专业能手。三要大力开展学历教育和继续教育，努力造就一批专家型、复合型法官。四是鼓励干警参加司法考试，积极为干警创造良好的学习条件和环境，提高司法考试通过率，逐步解决法官断层现象。四要充分发挥审判委员会的作用，适当安排部分干警列席审委会，向委员们学习实践经验和分析问题的能力，接受教育和启发。
4、强化法官文化建设，培育符合法官职业特色、具有鲜明时代精神的法官文化。法院文化建设是启迪法官智慧、陶冶法官情操的有效载体。大力加强法官文化建设是队伍建设的重要组成部分，要使队伍建设富有时代内涵，富有文化底蕴，富有人文情怀。一是建立文化活动场所。要为法官建立适当的娱乐场所，如图书室、电子阅览室、键身室、乒乓球室、篮球场。二是规范文化互动时间。如规定每周五下午，在没有工作任务安排的情况下，干警可以自由选择参加各种文体活动。三是丰富文化活动载体。不定期举办乒乓球、篮球等各种比赛，组织联欢会、演讲等各种文艺活动，开展法官沙龙、开设法官论坛、法学理论研讨会、法官文化长廊和知识竞赛、庭审观摩以及文艺汇演、书画摄影等文体活动方式，增强法院文化的凝聚力和感染力，努力培养法官特有的职业道德修养，以中国特色的先进法院文化引领队伍建设实践健康发展。
总之法院的队伍建设是法院的根基和灵魂，关乎于人民法院事业的兴衰与成败。落实司法为民，离不开队伍建设的保障，应当进一步加强法院队伍建设，提升司法为民的能力，在新的形势下，做为人民法院，必须以“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导，认真践行社会主义法治理念，充分认识队伍建设工作的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性，深刻把握队伍建设的特点和规律，必须把法院队伍建设纳入法院工作的宏观思路，从长远及战略高度作为重要工作常抓不懈。要始终坚持以司法能力建设为核心，以职业化建设为方向，以人为本，健全机制，切实加强法院队伍建设，努力造就一支政治坚定、业务精通、作风优良、司法公正的职业化法官队伍，更好地履行宪法与法律赋予人民法院的光荣使命。
北安市人民法院--刘宇
STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, promulgated by
Order No. 11 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 29, 1988, and effective as of April 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the socialist commodity
economy, promoting technical progress, improving product quality,
increasing social and economic benefits, safeguarding the interests of the
State and the people and suiting standardization to the needs in socialist
modernization and in the development of economic relations with foreign
countries.
Article 2
Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements
that need to be unified:
(1) the varieties, specifications, quality and grades of industrial
products as well as the safety and sanitary requirements for them;
(2) the design, production, inspection, packing, storage, transportation
and methods of operation of industrial products as well as the safety and
sanitary requirements for them in the process of production, storage and
transportation;
(3) technical requirements and testing methods related to environmental
protection;
(4) the designs, construction procedure and safety requirements for
construction projects; and
(5) technical terms, symbols, code names and drawing methods related to
industrial production, project construction and environmental protection.
Major agricultural products and other items that need to be standardized
shall be designated by the State Council.
Article 3
The tasks of standardization shall include the formulation of standards
and organization of and supervision over the implementation of the
standards. Standardization shall be incorporated in the plan for national
economic and social development.
Article 4
The State shall encourage the active adoption of international standards.
Article 5
The department of standardization administration under the State Council
shall be in charge of the unified administration of standardization
throughout the country. Competent administrative authorities under the
State Council shall, in line with their respective functions, be in charge
of standardization in their respective departments and trades.
The departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
in charge of the unified administration of standardization within their
respective administrative areas. Competent administrative authorities
under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government shall, in line with their respective
functions, be in charge of standardization in their respective departments
and trades within their respective administrative areas.
The standardization administration departments and the competent
administrative authorities of cities and counties shall, in line with
their respective functions as assigned by the governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government, be in charge of standardization within their respective
administrative areas.
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Article 6
National standards shall be formulated for the technical requirements that
need to be unified nationwide. National standards shall be formulated by
the department of standardization administration under the State Council.
Where, in the absence of national standards, technical requirements for a
certain trade need to be unified, trade standards may be formulated. Trade
standards shall be formulated by competent administrative authorities
under the State Council and reported to the department of standardization
administration under the State Council for the record, and shall be
annulled on publication of the national standards. Where, in the absence
of both national and trade standards, safety and sanitary requirements for
industrial products need to be unified within a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, local
standards may be formulated. Local standards shall be formulated by
departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
reported to the department of standardization administration and the
competent administrative authorities under the State Council for the
record, and shall be annulled on publication of the national or trade
standards.
Where, in the absence of both national and trade standards for products
manufactured by an enterprise, standards for the enterprise shall be
formulated to serve as the criteria for the organization of production. An
enterprise's standards for its products shall be reported to the
standardization administration department and the competent administrative
authorities under the local government for the record. Where national or
trade standards have been formulated, the State shall encourage
enterprises to formulate their enterprise standards, which are more
stringent than the national or trade standards, to be used in these
enterprises.
Where the formulation of standards is otherwise provided for by law, such
legal provisions shall be complied with.
Article 7
National standards and trade standards shall be classified into compulsory
standards and voluntary standards. Those for safeguarding human health and
ensuring the safety of the person and of property and those for compulsory
execution as prescribed by the laws and administrative rules and
regulations shall be compulsory standards, the others shall be voluntary
standards.
The local standards formulated by standardization administration
departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government for the safety and sanitary requirements of
industrial products shall be compulsory standards within their respective
administrative areas.
Article 8
The formulation of standards shall be conducive to ensuring safety and the
people's health, safeguarding consumer interests and protecting the
environment.
Article 9
The standards to be formulated shall be conducive to a rational use of the
country's resources, a wider utilization of scientific and technological
gains and the enhancement of economic returns, conform to operation
instructions, increase the universality and interchangeability of
products, and be technologically advanced and economically rational.
Article 10
The standards to be formulated shall be coordinated with and supported by
related standards.
Article 11
The standards to be formulated shall help promote economic and
technological cooperation with foreign countries and foreign trade.
Article 12
The roles of trade associations, scientific research institutions and
academic organizations shall be brought into play in the formulation of
standards. A department engaged in the formulation of standards shall
organize a committee on standardization technology composed of
specialists, which shall be responsible for the drafting of the standards
and shall participate in the examination of the draft standards.
Article 13
After the standards come into force, the department that formulated them
shall, in the light of scientific and technological developments and the
needs in economic construction, make timely reviews of the current
standards to determine if they are to remain effective or are to be
revised or annulled.
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Article 14
Compulsory standards must be complied with. It shall be prohibited to
produce, sell or import products that are not up to the compulsory
standards. With regard to voluntary standards, the State shall encourage
their adoption by enterprises on an optional basis.
Article 15
With respect to products for which national or trade standards have been
formulated, enterprises may apply to the standardization administration
department under the State Council or agencies authorized by the same
department for product quality authentication. For products which are
authenticated to conform to the standards, certificates shall be issued by
the department that made the authentication and the use of the prescribed
authentication marks shall be permitted on such products and the packing
thereof.
If products for which authentication certificates have been granted do not
conform to national or trade standards, or if products have not undergone
authentication or found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, no authentication marks shall be permitted for use on such
products leaving factories for sale.
Article 16
Technical requirements for export products shall comply with contractual
provisions.
Article 17
The development of new products, improvement of products or technical
renovation by an enterprise shall conform to standardization requirements.
Article 18
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level shall be responsible for supervision over and
inspection of the implementation of the standards.
Article 19
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level may, in accordance with needs, establish inspection
organizations or authorize inspection organizations of other units to
examine whether products conform to the standards. Where the laws and
administrative rules and regulations provide otherwise on inspection
organizations, such provisions shall apply.
Disputes over whether a product conforms to the standards shall be handled
in accordance with the inspection data provided by the inspection
organizations as specified in the preceding paragraph.
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 20
Whoever produces, sells or imports products that do not conform to the
compulsory standards shall be dealt with according to law by the competent
administrative authorities as prescribed by the laws and administrative
rules and regulations. In the absence of such prescriptions, his products
and unlawful proceeds shall be confiscated and he shall be concurrently
fined by the administrative authorities for industry and commerce; where
serious consequences are caused and crimes are constituted, the person
directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the law.
Article 21
Where authentication marks are used on products leaving a factory for
sale, for which authentication certificates have been issued but which do
not conform to national or trade standards, the enterprise concerned shall
be ordered by the department of standardization administration to stop the
sale and shall be fined concurrently; where the circumstances are serious,
the authentication certificates shall be revoked by the department that
made the authentication.
Article 22
Whoever uses authentication marks, without authorization, on products
leaving a factory for sale, which have not undergone authentication or
have been found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, shall be ordered by the department of standardization
administration to stop the sale and shall concurrently be fined.
Article 23
A party which refuses to accept the punishment of confiscation of its
products and of its unlawful proceeds and a fine may, within 15 days of
receiving the penalty notice, apply for reconsideration to the office
immediately above the one that made the punishment decision; a party which
refuses to obey the reconsideration decision may, within 15 days of
receiving the reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's
court. The party also may, within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice,
directly bring a suit before a people's court. If a party neither applies
for reconsideration nor brings a suit before a people's court within the
prescribed time nor complies with the punishment decision, the office that
made the punishment decision shall apply to a people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 24
Personnel responsible for the supervision, inspection and administration
of standardization who violate the law or neglect their duties, or are
engaged in malpractices for personal gains, shall be given disciplinary
sanctions; where crimes are constituted, their criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with the law.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 25
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Council.
Article 26
This Law shall go into effect as of April 1, 1989.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
